Microscopes !

Processing crime scenes is just the initial step in crime-busting operations, and the real hard word stays in the laboratory. This calls for criminological microscope, accessories and the best crime-solving minds in the task force.
The need for efficient and accurate crime scene investigators is one aspect of criminology and forensic science. Carrying the tedious task of investigating even the minutest detail in hair cuticles to blood stains, the investigators need appropriate instruments to aid them in solving the puzzle.
Ordinary compound microscopes can be used in investigating microscopic evidences in the laboratory. But the precision of a much high tech version of microscopes can double the efficiency and ease in magnifying the specimens.
The need for quick, efficient and accurate microscope has brought about the evolution of criminological microscopes. These microscopes offer effortless but reliable results that meet the needs of the crime lab.

DNA Fingerprints !

The chemical structure of DNA in everyone is the same. The only difference is the order of the base pairs. Like in fingerprinting, there are so many millions of base pairs in everyone’s DNA that every person has a unique sequence.
Every person could be identified using the sequence of their base pairs. However, there are so many base pairs in every person that this would be very time consuming. Repeating patterns in DNA allow scientists to use a much shorter method.
These patterns help to determine if two DNA samples can from the same person, related people or non-related people. The sequences analyzed by the scientists are patterns that are known to vary greatly among individuals. This allows the scientist to assign a probability to a match. Since 1987, more than 150 cases have been decided with the assistance of DNA fingerprint evidence.
DNA base pair pattern identification has many uses. DNA patterns are inherited from parents, and can therefore be used to indicate paternity and maternity. They can be to confirm legal nationality and determine biological parenthood.
DNA analysis can be used to determine whether or not a suspect was at a crime scene. DNA can be found in blood, hair, skin cells, semen or other genetic evidence left at a crime scene. It can also be used to determine the identity of a victim.

Fingerprints !

Every person in the world has a unique thumbprint.
A person has the same thumbprint all his life. Even though a person's hands grow, his thumbprints stay the same.
Even identical twins have different thumbprints.
If you injure the tip of your thumb, your skin will grow back in the same pattern and eventually your original thumbprint will return.

There are three main types of fingerprints: visible prints, latent prints and impressed prints.
Visible prints are also called patent prints and are left in some medium, like blood, that reveals them to the naked eye. They can be when blood, dirt, ink or grease on the finger come into contact with a smooth surface and leave a friction ridge impression that is visible without development.

Latent prints are not apparent to the naked eye. They are formed from the sweat from sebaceous glands on the body or water, salt, amino acids and oils contained in sweat. The sweat and fluids create prints must be developed before they can be seen or photographed. They can be made sufficiently visible by dusting, fuming or chemical reagents.
Impressed prints are also called plastic prints and are indentations left in soft pliable surfaces, such as clay, wax, paint or another surface that will take the impression. They are visible and can be viewed or photographed without development.

Case Study !

A case study is one of several ways of doing research whether it be social science related or even socially related. Other ways include experiments, surveys, multiple histories, and analysis of archival information .
Rather than using samples and following a rigid protocol to examine limited number of variables, case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. Case studies lend themselves to both generating and testing hypotheses.
another suggestion is that case study should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. Case study research means single and multiple case studies, can include quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence and benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions. Case studies should not be confused with qualitative research and they can be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Single-subject research provides the statistical framework for making inferences from quantitative case-study data.

Chromatography !

Chromatography is a method used by scientists for separating organic and inorganic compounds so that they can be analyzed and studied. By analyzing a compound, a scientist can figure out what makes up that compound. Chromatography is a great physical method for observing mixtures and solvents.

Paper chromatography is an analytical technique for separating and identifying mixtures that are or can be coloured, especially pigments. This can also be used in secondary or primary schools in ink experiments. This method has been largely replaced by thin layer chromatography, however it is still a powerful teaching tool. Two-way paper chromatography, also called two-dimensional chromatography, involves using two solvents and rotating the paper 90° in between. This is useful for separating complex mixtures of similar compounds, for example, amino acids.

Blood Types !

Blood is made up of four main parts:
red blood cells,
white blood cells,
platelets, and
plasma.
There are different types of blood because each red blood cell has special chemical markers called antigens. There are also antibodies (cells that fight particular groups of antigens) in the plasma of blood.
Group A blood has A antigens on its red cells, and anti-B antibodies are contained in the plasma.
Group B blood has B antigens on its red cells, and anti-A antibodies in the plasma.
Group O blood has no antigens at all, but it has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Group AB blood has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies.